The Genetic Code

Chipchiar tak si, hriat thiam awlsam tak si a ziah chu a har dawn mange; mahse kan tum poh a ni ang chu. Hemi kan hriatthiam tawh chuan, mihring DNA a programme lo inphum turu zia, rilru leh ngaihtuahna hrang hrang kan lo put chhan, kan hmel danglam chhan, thlahtute atang thil tha leh tha lo kan chhawm thlak theih zeldan, Pathian thlirna atanga sual chu en liam mai mai theih loh a nihna chhan….a tam mai, kan sawi seng lovang; hriat pawh kan hrefiah kilh kelh hek lo. Mahse ngaihtuah peih mi tan leh thil chhui dawn thiam mi tana min siamtu ropuizia lantirtu ni thei hial si hi a mawlmang thei ang bera sawi fiah i’n tum dawn chhin ang hmiang.

1. PROTEIN: A hmasa berin, genetic code kan sawifiah hmain, protein hi i han belchiang phawt mai teh ang; chuta tang chuan kan sawi fiah chho zel dawn nia.

Kan taksaah hian elements an tih mai heng- carbon(C), nitrogen(N), hydrogen(H), oxygen(O) leh adangte hi awmze neiin an inzawm khawm thin a, chutianga kan timur (cell)a an inzawmkhawm chiah hian thil thar, ‘organic compound’ an tih maite an siam chhuak thin a ni. Organic compound-te hi an nihphung a zirin simple organic compound leh complex organic compound-ah te then hran an ni leh bawk thin a.

Entirnan, N molecule 1, H molecule 7, C molecule 3, O molecule 2 te hi awmze neia an inrem khawm chuan simple organic compound pakhat, ‘Amino Acid’ (AA) a siam chhuak ang a. H,C leh O te hi heng Amino Acid-ah hian an awm tamdan a zirin Amino Acid chi hrang hrang an siam chhuak dawn a ni. Amino Acid te hi chi hrang hrang 20 vel cell-ah hian a awm thin a, mahse chi khat ringawt pawh hi tam tak a awm (present) theih avang hian Amino Acid-te hi maktaduai tam tak kan taksaah hian an  awm a ni. Heng AA te hi hrui sei tak angin an inzawmkhawma, chu AA inzawmkhawmte chu polypeptide an vuah a, heng polypeptide te hi 2 emaw, 3 emaw, 4 emaw, awmze neia an inzawmkhawm leh hian hnathawk thei an lo ni ta a, chu chu PROTEIN an ti ta a ni.

Tichuan, protein chu complex organic compound chi khat, heng Amino acid (AA) inzawm khawm ina an siam chhuah chu a ni ta a. Heng protein te hi amah siamtu AA in remkhawm dan (sequence) a zirin chi hrang hrang an lo awm ta a, chungte chuan hming hrang hrang an lo nei ta hlawm a ni. Kan taksaah heng protein-te hian hna hrang hrang an thawk a, thenkhatin natna hrik lakah kan taksa an venghim a, thenkhatin cell structure an din a; vun leh sam(body hair), tin(nail)te an siam a, thenkhatin kan cell-a thil in pek chhawnna lamah khualchhawn angin hna an thawk a, thenkhat taksa tuihnang (Hormone)ah insiamin taksa peng hrang hrangte hnenah thuchah (message) an keng a, an thuchah ken ang ang chuan alo dawngsawngtu taksa pengin hna alo thawk thin a; kan sanzawng turte an bithliah a; a thenin kan taksaa biochemical reaction lam an lo awmtir bawk a, a..atam mai, kan sawi seng lovang; an tello hian nunna a awm thei lo tawp a ni.

Protein thenkhat chu kan taksa-in a siamna hmanrua (amino acid) a neih mai loh avangin thlai atanga kan lak luh a ngai a, kan ei hnuah amaha amino acid te chu kan taksaa protein tangkai tak siam nan kan hmang thin a, sa leh eitur dang atang pawhin kan protein mamawhte kan ei thin bawk a, kan taksa siamthat nan kan hmang bawk thin a ni.

Taksaa reaction awmtirtu bikho hi enzymes an ti a, hengho hian kan structure din nan direct-in thawk lo mahse, taksaa reaction an siamdan azirin kan vun rawng, hmel landan etc, alo chhuak thin a ni. Pangpar-ahte pawh hian an par rawng insiam theihna chhan chu heng enzyme hoten reaction an awmtir atanga compound hrang hrang, rawng hrang hrang nei an tihchuah theih vang a ni. Heng enzyme te hi awm lo emaw, piangsual emaw, hnathawk theilo amaw in awm ta sela, mihringte leh pangparte hian colour kan nei thei dawn lo tihna a nih chu.

Chutiang taka pawimawh Protein chu engtin nge felfai taka kan taksaah a lo awm theih le? Ama thu-a lo awm ringawt em ni?

Ti zawng hian ngaihtuah bawk ta ila, Protein pakhat siamtu amino acid sang chuang fe te hi a indawt dan tur dik taka an inrem fel thlap loh chuan, Protein structure diklo a lo insiam anga, chu chuan mihring taksaah nghawng tha lo tak, damdawi hmanga tihdam theih siloh a rawn thlen dawn a ni.

Entirna pakhat siam ila:

Kan thisen tisentu, RBC-ah hian Haemoglobin (Hb) a awm a, hei hi kan taksaa oxygen sem kualtu a ni. Hb hi polypeptide chain 4 in a siam a ni a, chung chain 4-te zinga chain 2-te chu an inang (identical) chiah chiah a, a hmingah Alpha chain an vuah a, chain 2 dangte pawh an inang leh chiah a, Beta chain an vuah a ni. Beta chain ah hian AA 146 vel a awm a, chuta AA te chu indawt dik thlapa an inrem phei thap chuan normal RBC alo insiam thei ta a ni. Amah erawh chu, AA inrem phei tur zinga a 6-na, glutamic acid awmna turah, Valine a lo awm palh hlauh chuan, kan RBC alo piang sual anga, sickle cell anaemia natna kan lo vei thei dawn a ni. Sickle cell RBC leh normal RBC kan neih kawp chuan Malaria natna kan vei thei lovang a, Sickle cell RBC hlir nausen lo piang turin a neih chuan, a pian hmain emaw, a pian tirhah emaw a thi dawn a ni. Hei hi damdawi hmanga tihdam theih a ni lo va,in kai chhawn theih a ni lo. Nu leh Pa atanga inthlah chhawn zel theih a ni thung. Nu leh Pate hi natna kengtu (carrier) an ni thei a nih chu.

Tunah chuan chutianga Protein dik thlap emaw, piangsual emaw chu engvanga lo awm thei nge tih hi kan chhui leh dawn a ni.

2)RNA (Ribonucleic Acid): Hruizen leilawn sei tak hi han mitthla chhin la, a rah chhan lai takah zel chuan bakchehin chep chhum phei ta ta zel ila, a phel lehlam chu la hrang daih ila, hrui sei tak leh a rahchhan kan cheh bunna lawr fir fer chu RNA structure ang chu a ni mai e. Heng a rah chhan hmawr lawr fir ferah te hian, Nitrogen base an tih chu a awm zel a, Heng RNA-a nitrogen base te hi chi 4 an awm a, chungte chu- Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C) leh Uracil (U) te an ni.

RNA hrui sei takah chuan heng base chi 4-te hi awmze neiin a inrem phei ta thlap a, sing khat lai pawh an ni thei, chutiang a nih dawn chuan heng base chi 4 te hi vawi eng emawzat an awm nawn a ngai dawn tihna a nih chu. RNA hi kan taksaa protein a lo insiam dawn a a hnarkaitu a ni a, Protein siam chhuak tura amino acid-te inrem fel dan tura thu petu a ni. A thupek ken (message) chu amaha heng Nitrogen base-te inrem dan(sequence) hmang hian a lantir thin a ni. RNA ah chuan hetiang hian lo inrem phei ta se la:

GUCCAUCUGACGCCAGAAGAGAAG…..

Heng Nitrogen base te hi tihpalh thila hetianga inrem phei hi an ni lova, ti khian awmze dik thlapin an inrem a ni. Han sawifiah dawn ila:

GUC/CAU/CUG/AGG/CCA/GAA/GAG/AAG…

Base te khi pathum zela then hran thliah thliah a ni tih khi a hriat theih ta a, khing triplet base te khi ‘codon’ an ti a, a chunga entirnaah khian codon engzat nge i hmuh le? RNA-a khing codon-te inrem dan a zir khian Protein chi hrang hrang a lo insiam chhuak thei ta thin a ni. Amino Acid tinte hian an mahni code-tu ‘codon’ an nei hrang vek a, amino acid pakhat, methionine hian amah code-tu codon pakhat chauh a nei a, amino acid dangte hi chuan codon pahnih atanga paruk thleng an nei thei a ni. Tichuan, RNA-a codon inrem phei dan a zir chuan protein siam chhuak turin amino acid te chu awmze nei takin an inrem phei ta thlap a, an inrem pheidan a zir chuan a hmaa kan sawi tak, protein chi hrang hrangte kha an nihdan tur ang thlapin an lo insiam thei ta thin a ni.

A chunga entirnaah khian base 24 kan hmu a, khing base-te khi 3 zela kan then hran chuan codon (triplet base) pariat a lo ni ta a. Khing codon-te khi amino acid-ah han let (translate) chhuak ta ila hetiang hian a sequence chu a lo awm ang..

GUC/CAU/CUG/AGG/CCA/GAA/GAG/AAG…

Valine/ Histidine/ Leusine/ Threonine/ Proline/ Glutamic Acid/  Glutamic Acid/ Lysine…

I man thiam em? GUG khian Valine a code-a, CAU in Histidine..chutiang zelin. Khita chhinchhiah tur chu, codon 6-na, GAA leh codon 7-na, GAG-te khian Glutamic acid an code ve ve a, amino acid thenkhat chuan codon pahnih emaw, a aia tam emaw an nei kan tih tawh kha.

3) MUTATION: Mutation kan tih hi engdang a ni lo va, khi tianga RNA structure-a base pakhat emaw, a aia tam emaw, a awmna tur hmun atanga alo bo palh emaw, a lo awm double palh emaw,  base dangin a rawn luahlan emaw, khing codon-te khi a letling zawnga an inrem palh emaw a vanga protein structure-a danglamna lo thleng ta hi a ni. Chutianga RNA-a base nihphung diklo alo awm theihna chhan bulpui ber chu, RNA siamtu DNA-a base inrem dik thlap tawhte eng thilin emaw a tihdanglam vang a ni. Tin, chromosome number dikloh vangin mutation hi a awm thei bawk a, Down’s syndrome kan tihte hian cell tina chromosome 46 kan neih zel turah 47 an neih vang a ni. Hei chu kan sawi thui hrih lovang.

A chunga entirna kan siam khi normal haemoglobin (Hb) structure chu a ni a, khitiang chiah khian amino acid-te an inrem phei thap tur a ni. Codon paruknaa base pakhat lek inthlakthleng avangin sickle cell anaemia a lo awm thei a, chu chuan THIHNA hial a lo thlen thei ta a ni. Lo en ila:

GUC/CAU/CUG/AGG/CCA/GAA/GAG/AAG… Hei hi normal a ni a;

GUC/CAU/CUG/AGG/CCA/GUA/GAG/AAG… Hei hi sickle cell anaemia chu a ni.

A danglamna hi han en teh, a nep teh mai a nia, codon parukna base pakhat diklo, GAA turah GUA a lo awm vang mai hi a ni e. Khi codona Base pahnihna, A awmna turah khian U a lo awm vang chauh a ni a, mahse thihna hial a thleng thei tlat si a ni. GAA khian glutamic acid a code a, GUA a lo nih chuan, 6th positiona amino acid khi Valine a lo ni daih ang a, haemoglobin diklo lo insiamin, RBC piangsual a lo chhuak anga, normal RBC kan neih tel siloh chuan kan thisenin oxygen a sem kual thei lovanga, kan thi mai dawn a ni.

A nih leh, RNA-ah chuan, base dik thlap emaw, codon dik thlap emaw chu engtin nge a lo awm mai theih le?

4) DNA (Dexyribonuclei Acid): Hruizen leilawn kan zai phel kha ahmaa a awmdan ag khan siam leh dawn ta ila, RNA hrui-a base lawr chhuak ferte kha a hrui lehlama base lawr chhuak fer te nen khan a pair-in an awm thei leh chiah dawn a, chu chuan leilawn rahchhan a siam anga, rahchhan tinah hian a rahchhan siamtu nitrogen base-te hi a inkawp (pair) zelin an awm dawn a, chu leilawn chu puan kan tihro dawna kan sawr ang hian han herh vial ila, chutiang chu DNA awmdan chu a ni.

He DNA hi kan cellah engtinnge a lo insiam a, engtin nge tuna kan DNA chiah chiah hi kan lo neih tak mai, kan tih chuan, kan nu leh pate atanga kan chhawm a ni a, kan nu leh pate chi (egg leh sperm) a lo infin chiah a, keimahni min nihtirtu hi a ni. Chu chuan kan thlahtute ang min nihtir a, mihringin mihring zel a thlah thlak theihnate, fa in a nu leh pate a chhun theihna chhante hi he DNA vang hi a ni.
Hei vang hian DNA hi ‘molecule of heredity’/ hereditery material/ Genetic material tia sawi thin a ni. DNA hi kan cell chhunga pindan pakhat, nucleus an tih chhungah an awm a, cell pakhata DNA sei zawng hi 2.2 meter vel a ni a, he DNA ah hian nichina kan sawi tawh nitrogen base te kha a pair zela awmin, DNA hrui dung tluan hian an inrem khat phei thap a ni. Heng base te hi maktaduai chuang fe an awm thei a ni.

Nichina kan sawi tak, RNA khan codon/ base sequence dik thlap nei turin, heng DNA a base sequence te hi a copy ta a, chumi process chu a hmingah ‘transcription’ an vuah a, tichuan RNA chuan DNA atanga a codon hmuh ang chiah chuan amino acid a lo remkhawm a, protein a lo insiam ta a ni. RNA codon thupek anga protein siam tura amino acid-te lo inremkhawmna dan hi a hminga ‘translation’ an vuah bawk a ni.

Tichuan, Getetic code awmzia chu- Protein structure-a amino acid inrem dan tur hi RNA-a codon-te hian an a duang a, RNA-a codon-te inremdan tur chu DNA-a base sequence-te hian an duang veleh thung a. DNA-a base sequence-ten protein siam tura thu an neihdan leh, heng amino acid-te inremdan tur an relsak theihna te,an inkungkaihna dan tak hi ‘Genetic code’ an tih chu a ni.

Cell division a awm dawn hian heng DNA te hi an inti pung a, amah ang chiah DNA dang a siam thin a, hemi tihtheihna hi a neih avang hian, kan vun (skin) cell te lo chhe ta se, skin dang alo insiam leh thei thin a, kan tin (nail) lo tla ta se, nail dang a lo insiam leh thei ta thin a ni.

Cell division a awm lai in heng DNA-te hi a lo tawm a, alo lian sawt thin a, structure thar alo insiam a, chu chu ‘Chromosome’ kan tih hi a lo ni ta a ni. Heng chromosome-te hi a lo fan leh hunah, DNA ah bawk a lo chang leh mai dawn a ni.

Gene kan tih hi, heng DNA hrui sei tak kara segment khat, protein puitling siam theihna khawpa base sequence neite hi an ni a, DNA in chromosome a siam lai chuan heng gene-te hi chromosome-a segment awm thliah thliah ang pawn a sawi theih a, chromosome chu a lo fan leh a, DNA structure pangngai anga alo awm leh hunah, heng gene te pawh hi a lo sei ve leh deuh dawn tihna a nih chu.

5) Characteristics of Genetic code:

a)Codon awmzia kan hre tawh a, living organism-ah hian codon te hi 64 kan nei a, heng zinga 61-te hian amino acid an code a, codon 3 te hian eng amino acid mah an code ve lova, an hming atan ‘stop codons’/ ‘non-sense codons’ an vuah a ni.

b) Codon-te hi an in overlap thiang lo, entir nan, AUG/ UUU/ GAU.. hi a pangai lo ni ta se la, codon tinte hian awmze neia amino acid inrem dan tur an ruahman a vangin tih danglam thiang a ni lo va, khing codon-te ah khian overlapping a awm palh chuan, AUG/ GUU/ UGA/ U..ti anga chhiar alo ngai tawh anga, protein dik lo alo chhuak daih dawn a ni.

c) Codon khat hian amino acid pakhat aia tam a code thiang lo.. amino acid thenkhat chuan codon pakhat aia tam an nei thiang thung..eg, CUU, CUC, CUA, CUG, UUA, UUG codon-te hian amino acid chi khat, Leucine an code vek a ni. Hetiang hi synonymous codon an ti. Heng codon-te hian Leucine kher lo chu an code thiang lo tihna a nih chu.

d) Codon-te hi a inzawm zata chhiar phei tur a ni a, codon leh codon inkarah punctuation a awm thiang lo a ni. Base pakhat lek pawh kan chhiar kan zauh chuan protein diklo a chhuak dawn a ni.
e) Genetic code hi universal an ti a, a awmzia chu, codon pakhat hian bacteia-ah emaw, mihringah emaw, amino acid inang chiah a code thin a ni.

f) AUG codon hian dual function a nei a, amino acid methionine a code a, RNA-a codon hmasa bera a awm chuan, starting codon an ti a, protein siam tura start signal petu a ni. Protein siam tur hian AUG hi a awm ngei ngei a ngai a, chumi awmzia chu, Protein zawng zawngah hian amino acid hmasa berah metionine a awm ngei ngei a, a hnuah, kha protein khan a mamawh dawn loh chuan enzyme hmanga paih leh mai thin a ni.

g) Non-sense codon/ stop codon/ termination codon:

Heng codon 3- UAA, UAG leh UGA te hian amino acid an code ve lo va, protein insiam dawna amino acid inrem phei char charte’n, heng codon zinga a eng emaw ber zawn an lo thlen hunah stop signal a lo pe a, amino acid dang zawm belh tawh lovin alo tawp ta a, amino acid inzawmkhawm tawh sa chu lak hran theih a lo ni ta a ni. Stop codon hi a awmna tur hmun dik lova a lo awm palh chuan protein diklo a lo insiam leh thei dawn a ni.

6) Mutation and Genetic Code:

Mutation chu  kan sawifiah tawh a, mutaion awmtir theitu ho hi ‘mutagens’ an ti a, mutagen thenkhatte chu heng- X-ray te, Ultraviolet ray te, high energy radiation hote leh chemical thenkhatte an ni.

Heng mutagens ho hian kan DNA a base sequence te an khawih danglam thei a, chutiang a lo nih chuan RNA in base diklo chu a lo la chhawng ang a, atawpah protein diklo a lo insiam anga, chu chuan natna hlauhawm tak a rawn thlen thei dawn a ni. Kan hriat lar em em cancer pawh hi heng mutagens ho hian an thlen thei bawk a ni.

Mutation hi permanent change a nih avangin a hlauhawm a, inthlah chhawn theih a nih avang hian a hlauhawm leh zual a ni. Entirnan, Haemophilia (Bleeder’s disease an tih, thisen khar insiam theilo natna) hi, miin a lo neih chuan, chhete pawhin a thisen lo chhuak ta sela, thi khar a insiam ve theih loh avangin, a thisen chu a far kang thak dawn a ni. He natna hlauhawm tak hi taksain thi khar insiamna atana pawimawh tak, protein chi khat, antihemophilic globulin an tih mai a tih chhuah theih loh vang a ni a, hetiang alo nih theihna chhan chu, an DNA a gene pakhat, he protein siam chhuaktu hi a dikloh vang a ni.

Nu emaw, Pa-in emaw he natna hi a lo vei tawh chuan, kha gene tha lo (defective gene) kha a fate-ah a pass thla zel a, fate fa leh chhawng zelah…chutiang zel chuan a inthlah thlak theih ta zel a ni. Generation thenkhatah he natna hi lang chhuak chiah lo pawh ni se la, thlahtute kha natna kengtu (carrier) an nih miau avangin, engtikah emaw chuan a lo lang chhuak leh nge nge dawn a ni. Damdawi a awm lova, gene therapy hmang chauhva tihdam theih a ni.

Hetiang deuh hian Eden natna pawh kan inthlah chhawng ta zel a, fel deuh hlek te pawh awm mahse, anmahniah sual chi/ serpent seed (gene) kha a awm miau avangin, lo lan chhuah leh hun a nei leh nge nge thin a, chhuan thenkhatte chu fel viau ang pawhin lang mahse, anmahniah emaw, an thlahte leh zelah emaw he gene hnathawh hi a lo lang chhuak leh nge nge thin a, thup hlen theih a ni lo. “Ka sualna ka hre lo” pawh ti engang mah ila, he serpent seed hi kan pu Adama atanga kan chhawm thlak a nih miau avangin tihdamna/ tlan chhuahna kan mamawh tho tho a ni. Atheist-te hian, “Pute thil tihsual avanga tu leh fate hrem daih chu a va fair lo ve” an ti fo thin a, mahse hei hi chu hereditary disease chungchang an hriat loh vang liau liau a ni e.

Pathian fapa Yahshua hian gene therapy hmangin min tidam dawn a, alo kal ruala min kaihthawh leh hunah chuan taksa thar min pe anga, he defective gene hi kan taksa atangin kumkhuaa paih bo (remove) hlen vang vang a ni tawh dawn a ni.

1 Kor.15:51,52 Ngai teh u, thuruk ka hrilh dawn che u hi: Kan zain kan muhil kher  lo vang a, nimahsela kan zain tawtawrawt hnuhnung ber rik hunah chuan rei  lo teah, mit khap kar lovah tihdanglamin kan awm vek tawh ang; tawtawrawt  chu a ri dawn si a, chutichuan mitthite chu tawih thei lova kaihthawhin  an awm ang a, keini pawh tihdanglamin kan awm tawh ang.

15:53 He tawih thei hian tawih theih lohna a sin tur a ni a, he thi thei pawh  hian thih theih lohna a sin bawk tur a ni.

15:54 Chutichuan he tawih thei hian tawih theih lohna a sin a, he thi thei hian  thih theih lohna a sin hunah, chu mi hun ngeiah chuan, “Hnehnain thihna a lem zo ta,” tih thu ziak hi a lo thleng ang.